Vocab

Genetics

The field of science that looks at how traits are passed down from one generation to another, through the genes

True-breeding

• Occurs when self-fertilization gives rise to the same traits in all offspring, generation after generation

Trait

• In biology, a trait or character is a feature of an organism. The term phenotype is sometimes used as a synonym for trait in common use, but strictly speaking, does not indicate the trait, but the state of that trait

Hybrid

• an organism that is the offspring of genetically dissimilar parents or stock; especially offspring produced by breeding plants or animals of different varieties or breeds or species; "a mule is a cross between a horse and a donkey"

Gene

• The basic biological unit of heredity; a segment of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) needed to contribute to a fun

Allele

• One version of a gene at a given location (locus) along a chromosome

Segregation

• The separation of the two members of a chromosome pair from each other at meiosis; the result is seen as the separation of alleles from each other in the gametes of heterozygotes; the occurrence of different phenotypes among offspring, resulting from chromosome

Gamete

• Mature male or female reproductive cell (sperm or ovum) with a haploid set of chromosomes (23 for humans).

Probability

• The ratio of the number of outcomes favoring an event to the total number of possible outcomes.

Punnett Square

• A diagrammatic representation of a particular cross used to predict the progeny of the cross.
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Homozygous

• Having two identical alleles of a particular gene

Heterozygous

• having two different alleles at the same locus on homologous chromosomes

Phenotype

• The observable traits or characteristics of an organism, for example hair color, weight, or the presence or absence of a disease.

Genotype

• The entire genetic identity of an individual, including alleles, or gene forms, that do not show as outward characteristics.

Homologous

• Similar in position, structure, function, or characteristics.

Diploid

• Number of chromosomes in most cells except the gametes. In humans, the diploid number is 46.

Haploid

• A single set of chromosomes (half the full set of genetic material), present in the egg and sperm cells of animals and in the egg and pollen cells
  

Meiosis

• cell division by which eggs and sperm are produced.

Tetrad

• two pains of complements joined by a square or rectangle.

Crossing-Over

• Where a section of one chromosome switches places with the same section from the other chromosome of the pair.
  

Gene Map

• Map showing the positions in the genome of genes or other genetic markers, either relative to each other or as a physical map of absolute distances.